Indirect speech and reported speech

indirect speech adalah kalimat tak langsung, yaitu kalimat yang dikatakan olehh orang lain (mungkin di tempat dan waktu yang berbeda) berdasarkan apa yang dikatakan langsung oleh penutur pertama. “Indirect Speech” disebut juga reported speech atau quoted speech.

1. Dalam indirect speech, “the past continuous tense” yang digunakan dengan when clause tidak
mengalami perubahan.

2. Dalam British English, penulisan tanda kutip menggunakan tanda kutip satu (‘ ‘), sedangkan
dalam American English, penulisannya menggunakan tanda kutip dua (“ “).

3. ‘should’ yang digunakan dengan I dan We (British) mempunyai arti akan bukan sebaliknya.
‘should’ berubah menjadi would dalam indirect speech.
Contoh:
a) He said, ‘ I should be happy.’  He said that he would be happy
b) He said, ‘I shall be happy.’  He said that he would be happy

4. Untuk suatu pernyataan yang benar secara universal. Kita dapat menggunakan the simple
present tense da dalam noun clause.
Contoh:
a) He said that the sun rises in the east.
b) He said that the sun rose in the east.

5. Jika introductory verb atau kata kerja dalam klausa utama dalam bentuk the simple present,
the present perfect atau the dimple future tense, maka dalam indirect speech tidak mengalami
perubahan.
Contoh:
a) He says that he is trying to work carefully.
b) She has said that she will never be late again.

CONTOH:
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
1) He said, ‘I work Hard.’ He said (that) he worked hard
2) He said, ‘I am working hard.’ He said (that)he was working hard
3) He said, ‘I will work hard.’ He said (that) He would work hard
4) He said, ‘I was working hard.’ He said (that) he had been working hard
5) He said, ‘I worked hard.’ He said (that) he had worked hard
6) He said, ‘I have worked hard.’ He said (that) he had worked hard
7) He said, ‘I am going to work hard.’ He said (that) he was going to work hard
8) He said, ‘I can work hard.’ He said (that) he could work hard
9) He said, ‘I may work hard.’ He said (that) he might work hard
10) He said, ‘I might work hard.’ He said (that) he might work hard
11) He said, ‘I must work hard.’ He said (that) he must/had to work hard
12) He said, ‘I have to work hard.’ He said (that) he had to work hard
13) He said, ‘work hard.’ He told me to work hard
14) He said, ‘I should work hard.’ He said (that) he should work hard
15) He said, ‘Don’t leave.’ He told me not to leave
16) He said, ‘Will you come?’ He asked if (wheter or not) I would go.
17) He asked, ‘where are you?’ He asked me where I was
18) He said, ‘I was talking to my teacher when Ann called me.’ He said (that) he was talking to his teacher when Ann called him

Perhatikan perubahan kata keterangan waktu dan kata kerja di dalam Indirect Speech
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
Now (sekarang) Then, at that moment (pada waktu itu)
Today (hari ini) That thay (hari itu)
Yesterday (Kemarin) The day before, the previous day (sehari sebelumnya)
Last night (semalam) The night before, the previous night (semalam sebelumnya)
Last week (minggu lalu) the week before, the previous week (seminggu sebelumnya)
Two days ago (dua hari lalu) Two days before (dua hari sebelumnya)
A week ago (seminggu lalu) a week before, the previous week (seminggu sebelumnya)
A month ago (sebulan lalu) A month before, the previous month (sebulan sebelumnya)
A year ago (setahun lalu) a year before, the previous year (setahun sebelumnya)
Tomorrow (besok) the following day, the next day (hari berikutnya)
Next week (minggu depan) the following week (minggu berikutnya)
Next month (bulan depan) the following month (bulan berikutnya)
Next year (tahun depan) the following year (tahun berikutnya)
Next Monday (senin depan) the following Monday (senin berikutnya)
Here (disini) there (disana)
Over here (di sebelah sini) over there (disebelah sana)
This (ini) that (itu)
These (ini) those (itu)

Contoh:
1. He asked, ‘Did you stay here?’ He asked wheter (or not) I had stayed there
2. He said, ‘I was sick two days ago.’ He said (that) he had been sick two days before/earlier
3. He said, ‘I will work tomorrow.’ He said (that) he would the following/next day
4. He said, ‘I arrived yesterday.’ He said (that) he had arrived the day before/the previous day
5. He said, ‘I was there last week.’ He said (that) he had been there the week before

EXERCISE:
• Ubahlah Direct Speech di bawah ini menjadi Indirect Speech.
1. ‘I am going home now, ‘Yusuf said ......
2. ‘What do you want?’ Linda asked me ......
3. ‘Have you seen him lately?’ his mother wanted to know ......
4. ‘What have you done?’ he asked me ......
5. ‘I am late, ‘Ana said ......
6. ‘Can you stay to have dinner with us?’ I asked him ......
7. ‘May I borrow your pen?’Wati asked ......
8. ‘I am leaving, ‘he told us ......
9. ‘He must go home now, ‘she said ......
10. ‘I can’t do it by myself, ‘Alex told us ......


Reported speech

Reported speech secara tidak langsung melaporkan apa yang dikatakan orang lain. Contoh:
1.Jane said she was so happy today.
2.The president said he needed a vacation.

Reported speech menggunakan bentuk lampau dari direct speech. Jadi jika direct speech dalam bentuk present tense, maka reported speech dalam bentuk past tense. Contoh:
1.Direct Speech - I said, “She is in her office.”
2.Reported Speech - I said she was in her office.

Apabila direct speech dalam bentuk past tense, maka reported speech menggunakan bentuk past perfect.
1.Direct Speech - I said, “She was in her office at lunchtime.”
2.Reported Speech - I said she had been in her office at lunchtime. atau - I said she was in her office at lunchtime.

Dalam bahasa Inggris moderen, bentuk past perfect sering tidak diperlukan untuk reported speech bentuk lampau, kita cukup menggunakan past simple tense.

Berikut beberapa bentuk kata kerja umum dalam direct dan reported speech

1. Tenses / Reported Speech
2. Simple present: I said, “She is busy”. - I said she was busy.
3. Present continuous:I said, “I am working now”. - I said I was working now
4. Simple past:I said, “She was here this morning”. - I said she was here this morning. ATAU
I said she had been here this morning.
5. Past continuous: I said “She was studying all yesterday” - I said she was studying all
yesterday. ATAU I said she had been studying all yesterday
6. Present perfect: I said, “She has worked here for 5 years.” - I said she had worked here for
5 years.
7. Past perfect: I said, “She had worked here for 5 years.” - I said she had worked here for 5
years.
8. Future: I said, “She will work here from July.” - I said she would work here from July.
9. Future continuous: I said, “We’ll be living here for 6 months.” - I said we would be living
here for 6 months.
10.Can: I said, “She can play the piano well.” - I said she could play the piano well.
That

Reported speech sering diberikan sebagai bagian dari klausa-that, khususnya dalam bahasa tertulis dan bahasa yang lebih formal. Contoh:
*He said that he would arrive at 10.00.
*He said he would arrive at 10.00.

Kedua kalimat ini bermakna sama, dan that bisa dihilangkan tanpa ada perubahan makna.

sumber :
http://englishcreation.blogspot.com/2009/06/indirect-speech.html
http://www.1-language.com/englishcourse/unit59_grammar.htm

Adverbial Clause

Adverbial Clause adalah Clause (anak kalimat) yang berfungsi sebagai Adverb, yakni menerangkan kata kerja.

Adverbial Clause biasanya diklasifikasikan berdasarkan "arti/maksud" dari Conjunction (kata penghubung yang mendahuluinya).

Jenis-jenis Adverbial Clause antara lain:

1. Clause of Time

Clause yang menunjukkan waktu. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti after, before, no sooner, while, as, dll.

Contoh:

• Shut the door before you go out.
• You may begin when(ever) you are ready.
• While he was walking home, he saw an accident.
• By the time I arrive, Alex will have left.
• No sooner had she entered than he gave an order.

2. Clause of Place

Clause yang menunjukkan tempat. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction seperti where, nowhere, anywhere, wherever, dll.

Contoh:

• They sat down wherever they could find empty seats
• The guard stood where he was positioned.
• Where there is a will, there is a way.
• Where there is poverty, there we find discontent and unrest.
• Go where you like.

3. Clause of Contrast (or Concession)

Clause yang menunjukkan adanya pertentangan antara dua kejadian atau peristiwa yang saling berhubungan. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti although, though, even though, whereas, even if, in spite of, as the time, dll.

Contoh:

• As the time you were sleeping, we were working hard.
• Mary wanted to stop, whereas I wanted to go on.
• Although it is late, we'll stay a little longer.
• He is very friendly, even if he is a clever student.

4. Clause of Manner

Clause yang menunjukkan cars bagaimana suatu pekerjaan dilakukan atau peristiwa terjadi. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti as, how, like, in that, dll.

Contoh:

• He did as I told him.
• You may finish it how you like.
• They may beat us again, like they did in 1978.

5. Clause of Purpose and Result

Clause yang menunjukkan hubungan maksud/tujuan dan hasil. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan kata penghubung seperti (in order) that, so that, in the hope that, to the end that, lest, in case, dll.

Contoh:

• They went to the movie early (in order) to find the best seats.
• She bought a book so (that) she could learn English
• He is saving his money so that he may take a long vacation.
• I am working night and day in the hope that I can finish this book soon.

6. Clause of Cause and Effect

Clause yang menunjukkan hubungan sebab dan akibat. Ada beberapa pola membentuk Clause jenis ini. Perhatikan baik-baik.

Contoh:

• Ryan ran so fast that he broke the previous speed record.
• It was so cold yesterday that I didn't want to swim.
• The soup tastes so good that everyone will ask for more.
• The student had behaved so badly that he was dismissed from the class.

Contoh:

• The Smiths had so many children that they formed their own baseball team.
• I had so few job offers that it wasn't difficult to select one.

Contoh:

• He has invested so much money in the project that he cannot abandon it now.
• The grass received so little water that it turned brown in the heat.

Contoh:

• It was such a hot day that we decided to stay indoors. ATAU It was so hot a day that we decided to stay indoors.
• It was such an interesting book that he couldn't put it down. ATAU It was so interesting a book that he couldn't put it down.

Contoh:

• She has such exceptional abilities that everyone is jealous of her.
• They are such beautiful pictures that everybody will want one.
• Perry has had such bad luck that he's decided not to gamble.
• This is such difficult homework that I will never finish it.

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Di samping itu, untuk mengungkapkan hubungan cause and effect (sebab dan akibat) dapat digunakan pola lain, yaitu:

1.       Menggunakan Preposition (kata depan) seperti because of, due to, due to the fact that, dll

Contoh:

• Because of the cold weather, we stayed home. (=We stayed home because of the cold weather)
• Due to the cold weather, we stayed home. (=We stayed home due to the cold weather)
• Due to the fact that the weather was cold, we stayed home. (=We stayed home due to the fact that the weather was cold)

2.       Menggunakan kata penghubung (conjunction) seperti because, since, now, that, as, as long as, inasmuch as

Contoh:

• Because he was sleepy, he went to bed.
• Since he's not interested in classical music, he decided not to go to the concert.
• As she had nothing in particular to do, she called up a friend and asked her if she wanted to take in a movie.
• Inasmuch as the two government leaders could not reach an agreement, the possibilities for peace are still remote.

3.       Menggunakan transition words seperti therefore, consequently.

Contoh:

• Alex failed the test because he didn't study.
• Alex didn't study. Therefore, he failed the test.
• Alex didn't study. Consequently, he failed the test.

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Catatan:

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Beberapa Adverb Clause dapat diubah menjadi Modifying Phrases dengan cara:

1)      Menghilangkan subjek dari dependent Clause dan verb (be).

Contoh:

a.       ADVERB CLAUSE      : While I was walking to class, I ran into an old friend.

b.       MODIFYING PHRASE : While walking to class, I ran into an old friend.

2)      Jika dalam Adverb Clause tidak ada be, hilangkanlah subjek dan ubahlah verb dalam Adverb Clause itu menjadi bentuk -ing.

Contoh:

a.       ADVERB CLAUSE      : Before I left for work, I ate breakfast.

b.       MODIFYING PHRASE : Before leaving for work, I ate breakfast.

Adverb Clause dapat diubah menjadi Modifying Phrase jika subjek dari adverb Clause dan subjek dari main Clause sama.

Contoh:

1. DAPAT DIRUBAH

• While I was sitting in class, I fell asleep MENJADI While sitting in class, I fell asleep.
• While Ann was sitting in class, she fell asleep MENJADI While sitting in class, Ann fell asleep.
• Since Mary came to this country, she has made many friends MENJADI Since coming to this country, Mary has made many friends.

2. TIDAK DAPAT DIRUBAH

• While the teacher was lecturing to the class, I fell asleep.
• While we were walking home, a frog hopped across the road in front of us.

7. Clause of Condition

Clause yang menunjukkan adanya persyaratan antara dua kejadian (peristiwa) yang berhubungan. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunctions seperti if, even if, unless, in the even that, or in even that, in case, provided (that), providing (that), on condition that, if only, suppose (that), supposing (that), dll.

Contoh:

• If I see him, I will invite him to the party tomorrow.
• She would forgive her husband everything, if only he would come back to her.
• Suppose (that) your house burns down, do you have enough insurance to cover such a loss.
• In case a robbery occurs in the hotel, the management must be notified at once.
• The company will agree to arbitration on condition (that) the strike is called off at once.
• We should be able to do the job for you quickly, provided (that) you give us all the necessary information